Free Essays on Dreams

We dream many dreams every night, but why do we dream; and what do they mean? â€Å"Dreams are a communication of body, mind and spirit in a symbolic communicative environment† (www.sleeps.com). To make that statement easier to understand, www.sleeps.com goes on to explain how dreams are a review influenced by factors in your life and spirit. Our brains are constantly active. Our minds are always in different states like sleeping, awake, drowsy, alert, excited, bored, concentrating, or daydreaming. Sigmund Freud believed â€Å"Dreams are keys to the most secret parts of the mind.† (Coren 24). Dreams always occur while we are in a type of sleep called REM (Rapid Eye Movement). All the things you dream about are a reflection of your life; they reflect your feelings, thoughts, desires, and your fears. Man’s interest in dreams can be traced to the time of the ancient Greeks. â€Å"The people of the ancient world tended to believe that some dreams were sent by the gods to convey information to mortals† (Holroyd 44). They discovered â€Å"that a dream is not nonsense but information in disguise† (Holroyd 46). The Epic of Gilgamesh, written four thousand years ago, was one of the first known writings of dreams. It tells the tale of the experiences Gilgamesh has with his dreams. For example, Gilgamesh dreams that he is pinned to the ground by the weight of a god who has fallen on him. At another point in the story, he and his companion Enkinu climb to the top of a mountain that immediately collapses. These same kinds of images and situations are dreamt about by people of today’s time. The ancient Greeks even thought certain things in your dreams had certain symbolism. They thought that snakes showed a sign of sickness or the presence of an enemy, and if it was a powerful snake it meant a bad illness was coming (Holroyd 56). Dreaming of birds was also a sign from the gods. Birds symbolize different types of people. Birds also had an impor... Free Essays on Dreams Free Essays on Dreams Dreams A dream is a story that people take part in or view in their sleep. Dreams are a work of a person’s imagination. They are fictional events that have relation to a person’s life. A person experiencing a dream is convinced however that what they are experiencing is really occurring. Dreams can play on every emotion a person experiences in real life. They can be amusing, pleasant, annoying, and even terrifying. Everyone experiences dreams, but they may not however ever recall having any. Dreams are seldom remembered, and if they are most times people remember bits and pieces of what happened and may or may not be able to understand the sequence of events. Dreams unfold much unlike a story in most cases. The â€Å"dreamer† may or may not be a part of the story, they may possibly just watch things unfold like watching a movie. The person dreaming most likely cannot dictate what happens in the dream. There are sometimes that a person will come to the understanding that they are dreaming. In these situations the dreamer may alter the events in the dream to their liking.... Free Essays on Dreams Dreams Dreams! What are dreams? Why do we dream? Are dreams subconscious thoughts and desires influenced by the events of our day? Might we dream of someone new, a person we’ve never met before, and perhaps that day you make a new friend? Dreams are very interesting. What stages do we go through? What is our brain doing? What does science say? Many experiments have been conducted about why we dream, dreams are a response to our thoughts, actions and recent events in our days. There was one study done to see what everyday life would be like without dreaming they gave the subjects a drug to eliminate the REM (rapid eye movement) which is the time in which we dream. The studies proved that without dreaming they changed they become more anxious and abrasive and it also altered their personalities. Dreaming is something every one does and although some people don’t remember their dreams or maybe only just a couple everyone has that night time journey we call dreams. Which apparently is a very necessary part of our being. From the time you go to sleep at night until the time you wake up in the morning you go through many stages of sleep. Stage 1 of sleeping is very quick if the person is not disturbed they within a few minutes slip into stage 2 of sleep. Dreams start to brew in stage 2 you are in a much deeper sleep then stage 1 vague thoughts and ideas start to go through the sleepers mind. Then you slowly drift into stage 3 now the sleepers’ muscles are relaxed and your heart rate begins to slow down as dose your blood pressure. Now the sleeper is in a very deep sleep, and difficult to wake. With steady breathing and feeling very relaxed you journey into the last stage. Stage 4 is now the deepest sleep of all. This is where your dreams occur. Now the sleepers’ heart rate and blood pressure fluctuate and your brain heats up. Then comes REM, the first period will last only about 10 minutes then the sleeper goes through st... Free Essays on Dreams We dream many dreams every night, but why do we dream; and what do they mean? â€Å"Dreams are a communication of body, mind and spirit in a symbolic communicative environment† (www.sleeps.com). To make that statement easier to understand, www.sleeps.com goes on to explain how dreams are a review influenced by factors in your life and spirit. Our brains are constantly active. Our minds are always in different states like sleeping, awake, drowsy, alert, excited, bored, concentrating, or daydreaming. Sigmund Freud believed â€Å"Dreams are keys to the most secret parts of the mind.† (Coren 24). Dreams always occur while we are in a type of sleep called REM (Rapid Eye Movement). All the things you dream about are a reflection of your life; they reflect your feelings, thoughts, desires, and your fears. Man’s interest in dreams can be traced to the time of the ancient Greeks. â€Å"The people of the ancient world tended to believe that some dreams were sent by the gods to convey information to mortals† (Holroyd 44). They discovered â€Å"that a dream is not nonsense but information in disguise† (Holroyd 46). The Epic of Gilgamesh, written four thousand years ago, was one of the first known writings of dreams. It tells the tale of the experiences Gilgamesh has with his dreams. For example, Gilgamesh dreams that he is pinned to the ground by the weight of a god who has fallen on him. At another point in the story, he and his companion Enkinu climb to the top of a mountain that immediately collapses. These same kinds of images and situations are dreamt about by people of today’s time. The ancient Greeks even thought certain things in your dreams had certain symbolism. They thought that snakes showed a sign of sickness or the presence of an enemy, and if it was a powerful snake it meant a bad illness was coming (Holroyd 56). Dreaming of birds was also a sign from the gods. Birds symbolize different types of people. Birds also had an impor... Free Essays on Dreams I sit here and think of all my desires, I think of all the things that have burned in fires as the smoke rises I see my past every thing I see never seems to last its painful to see what I’ve lost and in the end his life is what it cost my friend he said he was he said he would be there he said he cared but all he left me was his teddy bear I repeated those words back as I watched him die, and every memory make me cry Zeteo alethes: those memories are like the tears that roll down my cheek never ending for him I seek Bizkitwolf1: the last memory I have of my friend Dave, is when he was lowered into his grave Zeteo alethes: deeper and deeper I watched him fall farther and farther I seemed from it all Bizkitwolf1: and before the coffin was covered by all the brown dirt, with him was buried a picture of him and I on my favorite t-shirt Zeteo alethes: that t-shirt I wore all through out school I treated like a jewel and when it went into the ground my life felt like it had been bound Bizkitwolf1: that night as I lay down to sleep, I held his teddy bear close and remembered all the good times we had, riding around in his jeep Zeteo alethes: there were days that we would drive so far but first we always stopped at the local bar our responsibilities we through out the window never looking back never to slow Bizkitwolf1: then one day after the bar, we took off in the jeep, this time we had gone too far Zeteo alethes: our friends and families we had left behind kind was not on our mind Bizkitwolf1: with no concern for safety, we forgot to buckle, I never thought that it would be the last time I would see him chuckle Zeteo alethes: he had laughed at this joke I knew wasn’t funny and as he chuckled he saw this bunny Bizkitwolf1: we swerved out of the way, and as I looked at Dave I had nothing to say, until I saw the truck, I knew that was the end of our luck Zeteo alethes: flashes of my life passed before my eyes as we hit the truck I tho... Free Essays on Dreams Dreams are what we like to call the mysterious thoughts that wander listlessly throughout the mind. The majority of dreams that populates people’s minds can usually be placed under the category of what someone would like their life to be like in addition to their preexisting life. These thoughts can include all types of wishes that have specific appeal to a person. However, some unfortunate cases may arise where people constantly dream about how they would like their lives not to be. In Timothy’s case, he could not wait for his present life to take on a new course of action. Unfortunately, much heartbreak and anguish would follow his footsteps for years to come. The only companion Timothy would have along the journey of his life is the comfort of his dreams. Timothy’s childhood was an extremely difficult one to bear. He had lost his mother at an early age of six and his father became an unbearable drunk after his wife’s death and the loss of his job. Sadly, Timothy had to bear the excruciating pain of his father’s drunken beatings. His father would remove his belt from his waist and persistently wail upon Timothy’s soft and tender back until it resembled the brightest red of a newly polished fire truck. Timothy fell asleep every night fearing that he was going to become the victim of another drunken outburst by his father. When Timothy eventually would fall asleep, he would dream of his mother. He would always remember the times of how she softly read him stories and gently tucked him into bed every night. Timothy’s dreams were exceptionally vivid and alive. His mother’s sensitive kisses goodnight felt like the careful gliding of a pussy willow across his smooth cheek. As the years passed by, Timothy’s love to dream never subsided. He loved to imagine a new life for himself every time his father shouted for him to go to bed. Sometimes he would become a prominent business man who directed a large c... Free Essays on Dreams Since the dawn of mankind, man has been searching for the answer to just one question: Why do we dream? I believe strongly that the reason is not clear-cut and as easy to answer as it might seem. I think that dreams range in meaning and importance. When someone has a dream, there are many possible types of dreams they could have. First of these possibilities is for a dream that involves absolutely no meaning whatsoever. The dream is meaningless and involves a chain or series of events that are unrelated to one another and may be of people or places familiar or not. These dreams are most likely created because of the flash and mixture of chemicals that occurs during sleep. Many times these dreams are actually so bazaar that they have no meaning even to the dreamer. So these dreams are mostly just passed over and ignored. The second type of dream is one in which the dreamer can comprehend everything that is going on but things seem to have no meaning as before. But in some of these dreams, there are symbols that come into play. When you look at these dreams sometimes they can represent real life events. Often these are predictions about what could happen in the future or are an interpretation of things that have passed. These, like almost all other dreams have significance as a result of bodily rejuvenation processes. This type of dream has a significance I believe in helping the person have the feeling of a good sleep, where things have, if not in some bazaar way, been resolved. The third type of dream is one which makes great and perfect sense to the dreamer but doesn't have any real meaning. An example of this is dreaming that you are flying. Although you know what you are doing, and are comprehending this, it really doesn't have meaning in your life. Dreams like this can be quite mentally satisfying to the dreamer. Many times a dream like this can be almost a form of entertainment... Free Essays on Dreams Dreams Dreams are the result of subconscious thoughts and desires. The other theory to dreams are noises in the neurons of the brain (Ferguson 3). Dreams are the mental activity that takes place during REM sleep. REM stand for Rapid Eye Movement, the sleep phase that starts every 90 minutes or so (Ferguson 1). Normally everyone dreams several times a night (Kramer 69). Not being able to recall dreams is not strange. Dreams are communication of the body, mind, and spirit symbolically (Edelson 82). The human brain is always doing activity even when sleeping (Science News 1). Different states of conciseness cause different brain activity. The brain usually has ordinary sequences of imagination (Ferguson 2) For thousands of years dreams were thought of as â€Å"visions† or â€Å"prophesies† or even "hallucinations"(Kramer 72). Dreams seem to be a way for the subconscious mind to sort out and process all the thoughts that happen while people are awake (Fishkoff 2). Dreams can also improve your emotional well being, reduce stress, improve creativity, and provide a â€Å"playground" for your mind, while your body recovers and repairs itself (Ferguson 4). Contrary to the view that dreams serve no function one scientist says that, â€Å"Dreams are the brains way of ‘unlearning’ or removing certain or unneeded memories† (Fishkoff 2). Dreams are a form of mental "housecleaning". This mental "housecleaning" might be necessary because it is not good to remember every single detail of your life (Ferguson 2). There are two functions of dreams: to live conscious wishes, and to guard sleep (Ferguson 2). A more active type of sleep is "Rapid Eye Movement" also called REM sleep. â€Å"As you begin to fall asleep your body temperature declines, your pulse rate drops, and your breathing begins to slow and even, this is called stage one sleep.† (Edelson 71). A more active type of sleep is "Rapid Eye Movement" also called REM sleep( F... Free Essays on Dreams Abstract For many centuries dreams have been interpreted. They believed dreams were as real as reality. The most important thing to keep in mind is that your dreams reflect their own underlying thoughts and feelings, and that the people, actions, setting and emotions in your dreams are personal to you. By thinking about what each dream element means to you or reminds you of, by looking for parallels between these associations and what is happening in your waking life, and by being patient and persistent you can learn to understand your dreams. Introduction One of the brain's most astonishing capacities is its ability to create its own images. Dreams without any visual input from the outside world. Whether you’re sleeping or awake, your brain is constantly at work, communicating messages to you in the form of dreams. Dreams are a communication of body, mind and spirit in a symbolic communicative environmental state of being (Central 103). We dream in order to sort out memories, either adding them to the memory store or throwing away-unwanted information. It has also been suggested that dreams are an attempt by the brain to make sense of stray thoughts. Essentially, dreams are our method of relaxing and letting our minds drift away into a different world. Your brain, mind, and spirit: while at rest "review" and analysis in its own way long term, short term and spirit memory. It kicks around emotions, thoughts, ideas, actions and interactions of the short-term memory. One study of dreaming strongly suggests that it is a primary me ans by which we form and evaluate our survival strategies. Other sleep studies have shown that dreams and dreaming are essential to our mental health (Howell 105). Together these studies emphasize the psychological importance of dreams and dreaming. They show how our consciousness maintains its delicate balance. Ken Howell suggests why consciousness is like a scale balancing one side against another and...

Great Locomotive Chase in the American Civil War

Great Locomotive Chase in the American Civil War The Great Locomotive Chase took place April 12, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Also known as the Andrews Raid, the mission saw civilian scout James J. Andrews lead a small force of disguised Union soldiers south to Big Shanty (Kennesaw), GA with the goal of stealing a locomotive and sabotaging the Western Atlantic Railroad between Atlanta, GA and Chattanooga, TN. Though they successfully captured the the locomotive General, Andrews and his men were quickly pursued and proved unable to do meaningful damage to the railroad. Forced to abandon General near Ringgold, GA, all of the raiders were ultimately captured by Confederate forces. Background In early 1862, Brigadier General Ormsby Mitchel, commanding Union troops in central Tennessee, began planning to advance on Huntsville, AL before attacking towards the vital transportation hub of Chattanooga, TN. Though eager to take the latter city, he lacked sufficient forces to block any Confederate counterattacks from Atlanta, GA to the south. Moving north from Atlanta, Confederate forces could quickly arrive in the Chattanooga area by using the Western Atlantic Railroad. Aware of this issue, civilian scout James J. Andrews proposed a raid designed sever the rail connection between the two cities. This would see him lead a force south to seize a locomotive. Steaming north, his men would destroy tracks and bridges in their wake. Andrews had proposed a similar plan to Major General Don Carols Buell earlier in the spring which called for a force to destroy railroads in western Tennessee. This had failed when the engineer did not appear at the designated rendezvous. Approving Andrews scheme, Mitchel directed him to select volunteers from Colonel Joshua W. Sills brigade to aid in the mission. Selecting 22 men on April 7, he was also joined by experienced engineers William Knight, Wilson Brown, and John Wilson. Meeting with the men, Andrews directed them to be in Marietta, GA by midnight on April 10. Great Railroad Chase Conflict: American Civil War (1861-1865)Dates: April 12, 1862Forces Commanders:UnionJames J. Andrews26 menConfederacyVariousCasualties:Union: 26 capturedConfederates: None Moving South Over the next three days, the Union men slipped through the Confederate lines disguised in civilian attire. If questioned, they had been provided with a cover story explaining that they were from Fleming County, KY and were looking for a Confederate unit in which to enlist. Due to heavy rains and rough travel, Andrews was forced to delay the raid by a day. All but two of the team arrived and were in a position to begin operations on April 11. Meeting early the next morning, Andrews issued final instructions to his men which called for them to board the train and sit in the same car. They were to do nothing until the train reached Big Shanty at which point Andrews and the engineers would take the locomotive while the others uncoupled most of the trains cars. James J. Andrews. Public Domain Stealing General Departing Marietta, the train arrived in Big Shanty a short time later. Though the depot was surrounded by Confederate Camp McDonald, Andrews had selected it as the point for taking over the train as it did not have a telegraph. As a result, the Confederates at Big Shanty would have to ride to Marietta in order to alert the authorities farther north. Shortly after the passengers disembarked to take breakfast at the Lacey Hotel, Andrews gave the signal. While he and the engineers boarded the locomotive, named General, his men uncoupled the passenger cars and jumped into three box cars. Applying the throttle, Knight began to ease the train out of the yard. As the train pulled out of Big Shanty, its conductor, William A. Fuller, saw it depart through the window of the hotel. The Chase Begins Raising the alarm, Fuller began to organize a pursuit. Up the line, Andrews and his men were nearing Moons Station. Pausing, they cut the nearby telegraph line before proceeding. In an effort not to arouse suspicion, Andrews directed the engineers to move at a normal speed and to maintain the trains normal schedule. After passing through Acworth and Allatoona, Andrews stopped and had his men remove a rail from the tracks. Though time-consuming, they were successful and placed it in one of the box cars. Pushing on, they crossed the large, wooden railroad bridge over the Etowah River. Reaching the other side, they spotted the locomotive Yonah which was on spur line running to nearby iron works. Despite it being surrounded by men, Knight recommended destroying the engine as well as the Etowah bridge. Unwilling to start a fight, Andrews declined this advice despite the bridge being a target of the raid. Fullers Pursuit Having seen General depart, Fuller and other members of the trains crew began running after it. Reaching Moons Station on foot, they were able to obtain a handcar and continued down the line. Derailed at the stretch of damaged track, they were able to place the handcar back on the rails and reached Etowah. Finding Yonah, Fuller took over the locomotive and moved it onto the main line. As Fuller raced north, Andrews and his men paused at Cass Station to refuel. While there, he informed one of the station employees that they were carrying ammunition north for General P.G.T. Beauregards army. To aid the trains progress, the employee gave Andrews the days train schedule. Steaming into Kingston, Andrews, and General were forced to wait for over an hour. This was due to the fact that Mitchel had not delayed his offensive and Confederate trains were racing towards Huntsville. Shortly after General departed, Yonah arrived. Unwilling to wait for the tracks to clear, Fuller and his men switched to the locomotive William R. Smith which was on the other side of the traffic jam. To the north, General paused to cut the telegraph lines and remove another rail. As the Union men finished their work, they heard the whistle of William R. Smith in the distance. Passing a southbound freight train, pulled by the locomotive Texas, at Adairsville, the raiders became concerned about being pursued and increased their speed. Texas Gains To the south, Fuller spotted the damaged tracks and succeeded in halting William R. Smith. Leaving the locomotive, his team moved north on foot until meeting Texas. Taking over the train, Fuller had it move in reverse to Adairsville where the freight cars were uncoupled. He then continued chasing General with just Texas. Stopping again, Andrews cut the telegraph wires north of Calhoun before proceeding to the Oostanaula Bridge. A wood structure, he had hoped to burn the bridge and efforts were made using one of the box cars. Though a fire was started, the heavy rain of past several days prevented it from spreading to the bridge. Leaving the burning box car, they departed. The Mission Fails Shortly thereafter, they saw Texas arrive on the span and push the box car off the bridge. In an attempt to slow Fullers locomotive, Andrews men threw railroad ties on the tracks behind them but with little effect. Though quick fuel stops were made at Greens Wood Station and Tilton for wood and water, the Union men were unable to fully replenish their stocks. After passing through Dalton, they again cut the telegraph lines but were too late to prevent Fuller from getting a message through to Chattanooga. Racing through Tunnel Hill, Andrews was unable to stop to damage it due to the proximity of Texas. With the enemy nearing and Generals fuel nearly depleted, Andrews directed his men to abandon the train just short of Ringgold. Jumping to the ground, they scattered into the wilderness. Aftermath Fleeing the scene, Andrews and all of his men began moving west toward the Union lines. Over the next several days, the entire raiding party was captured by Confederate forces. While the civilian members of Andrews group were considered unlawful combatants and spies, the entire group was charged with acts of unlawful belligerency. Tried in Chattanooga, Andrews was found guilty and hanged in Atlanta on June 7. Seven others were later tried and hanged on June 18. Of the remainder, eight, who were concerned about meeting a similar fate, successfully escaped. Those who remained in Confederate custody were exchanged as prisoners of war on March 17, 1863. Many of the members of the Andrews Raid were among the first to receive the new Medal of Honor. Though a dramatic series of events, the Great Locomotive Chase proved a failure for Union forces. As a result, Chattanooga did not fall to Union forces until September 1863 when it was taken by Major General William S. Rosecrans. Despite this setback, April 1862 saw notable successes for Union forces as Major General Ulysses S. Grant won the Battle of Shiloh and Flag Officer David G. Farragut captured New Orleans.

Cultural diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cultural diversity - Essay Example The advancement of social justice and push for health equity have changed from traditional measures of health status from death rates to the society experience of unpleasant health and impairment, physical ill health and mental health issues and physical & cognitive challenges that make the daily activities of these individuals challenging (Graham 2). There has been a gradual and consistent evaluation by research and policy focusing on the well being status rather than ill health (Ryff and Singer 28). Racism is prevalent in the British society. According to a national representative survey by the UK policy studies institute, 20-26% of white participants admitted to having prejudice against Asian, Caribbean and Muslim ethnic minorities (Modood et al 40). Racial and ethnic constructs in the current world are increasingly becoming difficult to grasp because of the complexities of their use and definitions and the changing dynamic world (Harris 2). Race is the biological classification of individuals, and it categorizes people based on their physical features, character, and genetic composition, while other people use social classes to categorize people (Spickard 14). These qualities and characteristics of people have traditionally been used by some sections of Europeans to group people into classes with Europeans being superior of all races, followed by Asians and Native Americans, and lastly Blacks being inferior to all other races (Spickard 14). The skin colour determines the raci al identity of a person with individuals having the same colour categorized as being from the same race. Racial classification of people uses blanket generalization and stereotyping of people without any consideration of individual capabilities and differences in tradition, culture, religious or political belief systems. Ethnicity classifies people from the same origin who share the same

Case Study - Rumpole Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study - Rumpole Ltd - Essay Example The positive NPV indicates that the company will generate sufficient cash inflows, which will cover the initial investment and generate profits for the company. The payback period is also estimated at 2 23/69 years. The project has a positive NPV and the payback period appears to be reasonable (Kinney & Raiborn, 2008). On the basis of the project evaluation with positive NPV and reasonable payback period, it could be recommended to the company that it should go with the project. Since, the company is currently considering only one project therefore, it will be appropriate for the company to go ahead with the project. Otherwise, the company should consider other projects, which have higher positive NPV and short payback period (Maher et al., 2012). The financing required for the project requires assessment of different types of funding sources available to the company. Since, Rumpole Ltd. is a private company, therefore it will not be possible for the company to acquire its funding from issuance of share capital or debt instrument in the secondary market. The company has two options from which it could raise capital for the net project. These include raising funds from internal equity and / or external debt financing. Internal equity comprises of retained earnings of the company. These earnings are accumulated over the year and disclosed on the face of the company’s balance sheet. These earnings are available to the company for investing into the company’s existing operations or investing in the new project, which the company is considering at the moment (Brigham, 2013). Managing retained earnings require time. In short run, the company will have to manage its working capital. Active recoveries will work a lot. Aging of the receivables should be monitored actively. Buffer levels of inventory should be lowered so that lesser amount is bound in stock. On the other hand, the company can also raise from external sources. The company can

Iago Manipulates Essay Example for Free

Iago Manipulates Essay In the play Othello, written by William Shakespeare, the antagonist Iago manipulates other characters. He makes them act in ways that benefits his plan of destroying Othello by making him believe that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio. In the beginning of the play, Roderigo who is in love with Othello’s wife, Desdemona, comes to Iago for help. Iago manipulates Roderigo by promising him Desdemona’s attention and love if he â€Å"put money in thy purse,† as Iago says. Roderigo gives money to Iago in the mistaken belief that Iago is using his money to help him get to Desdemona, but Iago is using it to finance his own plan. Roderigo is a desperate character in the play and is easy tricked by Iago, because he doesn’t think he has anything to lose and because he would do anything to get Desdemona. His desperate feelings for Desdemona and Iago’s convincing manner make Roderigo easy to deceive. Iago has also a wife, Emilia. He doesn’t really manipulate her, because she is unaware of what’s going on between Othello and Desdemona during almost the whole play, but he makes her do thinks that benefits his plan. For example, he makes her steal Desdemona’s handkerchief, which ended being the â€Å"icing on the cake† for Othello’s suspiciousness on Desdemona’s and Cassio’s love affair. Everyone likes and trusts Iago, and so do Desdemona. Iago is seen as an honest man, which helps him manipulate people, because they always believe him. Iago manipulates Desdemona by acting on her side and by sympathizing with her. When Othello starts to get very suspicious, he gets very angry at Desdemona, but he refuses to tell her why. Iago convinces her that Othello is angry on a letter he got earlier and not on her. Desdemona believes this lie, which probably stops her from questioning Othello’s behavior. Iago’s plan is to make Othello think that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair together. His first move to manipulate Cassio is to get him in trouble. He gets Cassio in trouble by making him drunk and by developing a fight for him. When Othello hears what happened, he removes Cassio from his post. Othello asks Iago what Cassio did, but Iago refuses to tell him anything, he says, â€Å"I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth than it should do offense to Michael Cassio. By doing this statement in front of Othello and Cassio, he earns Cassio’s trust. Iago uses this trust to manipulate Cassio later in the play. He tells Cassio that the best way to get his position back is to talk to Desdemona and get her on his side. Cassio does what Iago told him, and Desdemona is happy to help him because she knows him and she thinks he is a noble friend to Othello. But when Iag o and Othello come near, Cassio leaves because he doesn’t want to face Othello personally. Iago uses this situation to plant his seed of doubt, and tells Othello that Cassio fled when Othello came near. This is what starts Othello’s suspiciousness. Iago is a smart man who knows how to act and what he should say to manipulate the people around him. The character that Iago manipulates the most is Othello. He makes Othello believe that Cassio talks about Desdemona, while he is actually talking about Bianca and his sexual relationship with her. Iago makes up a story that he heard Cassio talking about Desdemona in his sleep. He also tells Othello that he has seen Cassio wipe his brow with Desdemona’s handkerchief. As a result of this, Othello gets livid and really frustrated, and wants to kill both Desdemona and Cassio. This clearly shows how Iago manipulates Othello. Iago is an intelligent character that is strongly talented in improvising and he has a clear feeling for timing. His most important skill is his acting ability. He’s a perfect actor. Although Iago plants his suspicion step by step by lying and by supplying â€Å"evidence† when it is needed, he always pretends to be a moral and loyal friend who everyone can trust. One of his strategies is to let other people make their own conclusions. Iago is smart enough to use other people’s actual weaknesses and to let them draw wrong conclusions themselves. All these strategies and abilities help him manipulate other characters in the play.

The Cobb-Douglas Production Function for South Africa Essay -- South A

Introduction For every firm to produce goods it needs inputs such as capital and labour. Mankiw (2005) refers to capital set of tools that workers use in the process of production e.g. Machineries such as computers whereas labour refers to the hours that employee invest working. Production function refers to the output of a firm, an industry or an entire economy for all combination of inputs (Banaeian and Zangeneh, 2001).Economists use production function to precise the relationship between labour and capital and according to Mankiw (2005). Production functions reveal the available technology for transforming labour and capital into output. Tang (2008) highlighted the fact that theory of productivity was proposed by Knut Wicksell in 1851 which contributed a lot towards the works of Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas. Cobb-Douglas production function was developed by Cobb and Douglas in 1928 which is a fundamental function even now in both Macroeconomics and Microeconomics. The Cobb-Douglas production function is normally utilized by economists in the direction of explaining the correlation between contributions of resources involved in production such as labour, capital and technology.Cobb-Douglas production function and constant elasticity of substitution functions are playing a significant role for analysis in economics. Cobb-Douglas production function is still universally used toward the analysis of productivity and growth (Felipe and Adams, 2005). Felipe and Adam accepted as true that Paul Douglas is one of the economists who deserved a Novel Price for his marvelous works. Cobb and Douglas suggested that elasticity of substitution between capital and labour should be constant or equals to one even though they did not specify ... ....worldbank.gov. (2011). Data on Gross Domestic Product and Total employment of South Africa. World Bank. http://www.southafricanreservebank.co.za. (2011). Data on Fixed Capital Stock of South Africa. South African Reserve Bank Mankiw, NG. (1995). â€Å"The Growth of the Nations†. Brookings paper of economics activities. pp 275-326 Mankiw, NG. (2005). Macroeconomics, International edition. Worth Publishers: New York Mankiw, N.G (2013) Principle of Macroeconomics 7th edition. Congage Learning: United States of America Romer, P.M. (1986). Increasing returns and long run growth. Journal of political economy Vol 94. Pp 1002-37 Romer, P.M. (1990). Capital, Labour and productivity. Journal of political economy Vol. 98, No 5: university of Chicago. Pp 339341 Solow, R.M (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Pp 65-94

A Fishbone Diagram

A fishbone diagram, also known as a â€Å"cause and effect† diagram is a problem solving technique used in project management. It has also been referred to as an Ishikawa diagram after a Japanese professor; Kaoru Ishikawa. Problems arising in projects usually have many causes and in some cases, these problems may be interrelated and complex. A fishbone diagram is thus a useful tool that diagrammatically enumerates these problems aiding in their solution.Due to its diagrammatic nature, it is possible to view at a single glance the elements surrounding the project and thus identify all the problem areas and hence work on their solution in and easier manner. This is a major advantage of this technique. Additionally, it facilitates an in-depth analysis of problems by splitting them into causes and sub-causes. This again ensures a more efficient and effective approach to problem solution.It is also extremely easy to use and this poses as an important advantage over other management tools. To make a fishbone diagram, one draws a horizontal line pointing to the problem whose solution is desired. Secondly the causes of this are identified and indicated by backward sloping lines along the first line, called ‘bones’. Sub-causes of the problem are usually then identified and put as sub-branches. Lastly, a fishbone diagram has been said to facilitate brainstorming.To come up with the ‘bones’ discussed above, the project management committee needs to think and rethink the causes leading up to the effect. An example of the use of a fishbone diagram can be a project to increase sales by a particular firm. The â€Å"causes† here thus ‘bones’ would then be constituted by such items such as pricing, advertisement, market, branding, product features, etc. All in all, it is agreed that this is an effective tool which every project manager should equipped with.

Globalisation Drivers

Explain what is meant by the term globalisation. Identify and analyse the key drivers of the process of globalisation over the last twenty years. During the mid 1990’s the International Monetary Fund has defined globalisation as: ‘The growing interdependence of countries world-wide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology’ (Turner, 2006).Over the years, this interdependence of countries worldwide has increased dramatically. An indication of this has been the increase in the number of domestic and foreign strategic alliances by six times during the period 1989-1999 (Nam-Hoon Kang, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001). This change clearly indicates how companies from all over the world interact with each other and form partnerships in response to the phenomenon of globalization.The mai n drivers that have helped globalization to expand and deepen over the past years have been technological revolutions such as the widespread use of Internet and the ease of trans-boundary travelling, the creation of international institutions that encourage free trade by removing trade barriers, the establishment of multinational corporations which seek to increase their profits by taking advantage of what globalisation has to offer (Economics for business 5th edition John Sloman p. 498) and last but not least the change of governments’ policies towards deregulation and privatisation (Development in Practice Taylor & Francis p. 24). This study aims to outline and examine these key drivers that made it possible for globalisation to evolve. The study will also focus on the magnitude of the drivers with relation to globalisation. â€Å"Globalisation is both a result and a force of modernisation and capitalist expansion, entailing the integration of all economic activity (local, national, and regional) into a ‘global' market place: that is, a market place that transcends geopolitical borders and is not subject to regulation by nation states. (Development in Practice Taylor & Francis p. 524) Technological revolutions are viewed by many as one of the key drivers of globalisation. (Bradley 1993, Dicken 1992). Firstly, the reduction in transportation costs and the ability to communicate freely and easily due to the advances in technology have caused tourism to rapidly grow over the years (Tourism in the age of globalisation Salah Wahab, Chris Cooper p. 320). Most importantly, not only individual people as passengers were benefited by the lower transportation costs.In the last half of the twentieth century, the price of transporting products worldwide has fallen dramatically due drops in the cost of air travel, the containerization and increasing ship size (Chrystal, 2007, p. 11). Containers have the ability to move non-fragile goods at the cost of 1% of retail value to any place. In the past years, when the transportation of goods was done through shipping before containers were invented, the cost involved used to be around 10%-20% of retail value. by BCRA) The striking difference in cost indicates the new potential for transfer of goods at increased quantities at a faster and cheaper rate from one place to another. In addition to this, the rapid grow of communications, especially through Internet has added significant strengths to globalization (Economics of globalisation By Partha Gangopadhyay, Manas Chatterji). The Internet has provided a powerful and cheap tool for sharing of information on goods and services through the form of advertising. This helped firms to boost their sales since they can target a bigger range of potential customers at a very low cost.The trends clearly show a constant increase of Europeans e-commerce sales from 2006 to 2011, reflecting a similar increase in the corporations that are investing in the e-bu siness (ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE GLOBALISATION ERA). Furthermore, internet enables free, fast and easy communication of ordinary people from all around the world which also serves as a factor that promotes globalisation and exchange of views and ideas on new products and services (Economics of globalisation By Partha Gangopadhyay, Manas Chatterji).In the recent years, technology is undoubtedly an enabling driver of globalisation but the latter is also influenced by economic motives. This actually means that globalisation is also driven by the economic motives of people. These motives have to do with shifting patterns of production and consumption from one place in the world to another (Tourism in the age of globalisation p. 321). More specifically, businesses seek new opportunities to lower their costs, to achieve savings of scale and to establish a competitive global position by gaining a greater global market share (Economics for business 5th edition).As a result of these motiv es, the foreign direct investment over the years has increased substantially and inevitably the number of cross-borders mergers and acquisitions has also increased. Corporations are trying to lower production costs by shifting the production to countries with cheap labour as well as to countries with abundant resources such as raw materials. China, India and Eastern Europe have been in the recent years the targets of FDI since they possess a production comparative advantage because of abundant and low wage labour force (By Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Treasury Committee).Furthermore, the reduction in trade barriers, the lower transportation costs and the development of stock markets, increased the corporations’ ability to trade and invest at a global scale. For example, stock markets have served as mechanisms for important inflow of capital for corporations since they can go public and raise significant capital that can be used for FDI (http://www. globaldesig nandbusiness. org). Someone can easily distinguish that while benefiting from what globalisation is offering the corporations are themselves driving the phenomenon through their innovations on technology and their overseas activities.The corporations’ economic activities, which are mentioned in the previous paragraph, are also related to the trade institutions that are world widely formed. The world trade institutions are associations that aim to the liberalisation of trade and encouragement of transnational economic actions. Such institutions are namely the WTO, NAFTAA and EFTA. These institutions have similar goals ie to increase competition and economic efficiency through the reduction of trade barriers and the governments’ regulations over trade within the members of their organisations.These organisations are having their members agreeing in reduction of tariffs and other policies (such as antidumping and subsidies) in order to make the governments transparent. Th e organisations are also setting special committees with the task of making sure that the pre-agreed policies are followed and that no member gets out of line. Because of the establishment of such institutions and the clear increase in their membership with ascending time the world trade has increased dramatically (http://www. wto. org, http://www. nafta-sec-alena. org).A good indication of that is the fact that the United Kingdom’s imports and exports contribution to its GDP has increased from 45% to 57% over the period of 1950 to 2005 ( Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Treasury Committee). Consequently, as the world institutions become stronger more active and more influential, globalisation is strengthened due to the improved and amplified interactions of corporations and countries as a whole. The governments as the years pass are trying to create a more competitive environment so that they can become attractive for foreign inflows of capital and investment.Fur thermore, they want to minimize the outflows to less regulated countries (Global public policy: governing without government: Wolfgang H. Reinicke p. 15). In order to achieve these goals, they have been converting their policies towards a more economically favourable manner. Inevitably they have been trying to reduce their trade barriers and accelerate economic growth by joining the world trade institutions (e. g. WTO) as well as the free trade blocks such as the E. U and ASEAN. The trading blocs have a large number of objectives that bring the country-members closer to each other.Some of these objectives demand that the members cannot practise anticompetitive behaviour such as high tariffs, quotas and anti-competitive taxation whereas additionally peace, mutual respect and cultural acknowledgement are also promoted (http://www. aseansec. org, http://europa. eu). Looking at another aspect in the chapter of the governments’ policies that is driving globalisation, someone could identify the remarkable example of the transition countries. The transition countries are suggested to be China, the former Soviet Union, ex-communist Europe countries and third world countries such as India (http://en. ikipedia. org). Over the past 20 years these countries have undergone various economic and political changes that have substantially shifted the countries from the previously central planned economies towards free market economies. As a result liberalisation and privatisation have been encouraged (Privatization in transition countries: By Oleh Havrylyshyn, Donal McGettigan p. 7 and 8). Because of those changes, globalisation has been favoured through its inherent characteristics to become stronger and deeper with modernisation and capitalist expansion. (Taylor &Francis). Looking back to the key drivers of globalisation we have presented in this study, they have all been relatively important since they are all favouring globalisation correspondingly. It is clear that the technological advances and the governments’ policies and behaviours separately and distinctly are really adding to the increasing pace of globalisation. However, the interesting thing that someone could safely say, it is that these drivers are interrelated which suggests that one driver is driving the other and both of them are driving globalisation. References: 1.European Business 2nd Edition Debra Johnson Colin Turner p. 59 2. Nam-Hoon Kang, Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development, 2001 3. Economics For Business 5th Edition John Sloman p. 498, Development In Practice Taylor & Francis p. 524 4. Tourism In The Age Of Globalisation by Salah Wahab, Chris Cooper (Bradley 1993, Dicken 1992) p. 320-323 5. Economics By Richard G. Lipsey, K. Alec Chrystal p. 11 6. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE GLOBALISATION ERA by STUPARU, DRAGOS, VASILE, TOMITA (article) 7. Economics of globalisation By Partha Gangopadhyay, Manas Chatterji p. 191-193 8.Globalisation: prospects and policy responses, fourteenth report of session †¦ By Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Treasury Committee p. 7-12 9. http://www. globaldesignandbusiness. org 10. http://www. wto. org 11. http://www. nafta-sec-alena. org 12. Global public policy: governing without government: Wolfgang H. Reinicke p. 15 13. Privatization in transition countries: By Oleh Havrylyshyn, Donal McGettigan p. 7-8 14. Monetary Policy under Uncertainty Proceedings of the 2007 Money and Banking Seminar – BCRA p. 86 (report) 15. http://www. aseansec. org 16. http://europa. eu 17. http://en. wikipedia. org

Death of a Salesman Review

Death of a Salesman Review Free Online Research Papers Willy Loman’s death was caused by his inability to face reality and could have been avoided if he and his family had been honest with themselves regarding their shortcomings. Instead, they lived in a world of denial, which spawned additional lies. Willy’s character deficiencies, moral indiscretions, and inability to differentiate past from present created nearly all of the family’s issues and led to his demise. Willy Loman is a man with two distinct personalities. The first personality lives in the present where he is a broken man in his early sixties, who feels he is more valuable to his family dead than alive. Willy is nearly unable to tell the truth about any part of his life. He is also a horrible husband, who has been unfaithful to his wife Linda and routinely responds to her with anger. Willy is ineffective as a salesman who has been stripped of his salary and eventually he is fired. Lastly, Willy is a proud man, too proud to accept a job working for Charley, but that does not keep him from borrowing his money each week while telling Linda that he earned it selling his wares. The second personality is living fifteen years ago, believing that he and his family are bound for greatness. One recurring flashback involves Willy’s son Biff when he was a high school football star. Most of these flashbacks involve his recently deceased brother Ben, who achieved all the success that Willy desires for himself. The effect of these two personalities was extremely apparent and painful for Willy’s family. One moment Willy would fondly recall Biff’s football career and then criticizes him for his inability to hold a job, the next minute. In end, Biff began to understand his own problems and attempted to explain that he was a â€Å"phony.† Willy could not recognize or grasp Biff’s realization, due to his inability to separate the present from the past. Further moral and character traits about Willy Loman include his unquenchable desire to excel in business, at any cost. He views business success as one of the significant barometers of for a man. Willy would boast about his sales or his wonderful sons, like most everything else he said, these stories were fabrications. Lastly, Willy was afraid to face reality and in the end, he showed exactly how cowardly he was, by committing suicide. Willy Loman’s decisions caused terrible pain in the lives of his family. The best example was when Biff was failing mathematics in high school. His teacher, and Bernard the neighbor, constantly reminded Biff of how serious this situation could be to his future. Biff did not change his habits and the teacher failed him. Willy did not force Biff to take summer school and Biff did not graduate. Willy did not help Biff to understand the ramifications of his actions and Biff struggled to find work as an adult. Research Papers on Death of a Salesman ReviewHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionStandardized TestingCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is ArtHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

Suggested Attire for an Immigration Interview

Suggested Attire for an Immigration Interview It is rare to find a person who is not the least bit nervous about an immigration interview. This is the face-to-face meeting with an immigration officer who will evaluate an applicants credibility and eligibility for entrance into the United States for as long or as short a stay as is requested. As with any meeting, first impressions do matter. A persons presentation, demeanor, and appearance play into that impression. Does Appearance Matter Officially? Officially, what you wear should have no bearing on the interviewing officers adjudication of your case. When conducting an interview, immigration officers must be nonjudgmental and nonmoralistic, setting aside any personal biases. Even if the immigration officer feels personally offended by your attire, he or she must put personal feelings aside and not allow them to have any bearing on the final determinations. That said, remaining completely neutral is very difficult. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) immigration officers are trained to avoid letting their personal judgments affect a case, but interviewees can ease the process by dressing in a professional, respectful manner. Suggested Attire A good rule of thumb is to dress as if you were going to a job interview for an office job or meeting your partners family for the first time. In other words, wear something clean, comfortable, moderately conservative, and presentable that makes a good impression. Clothing does not have to be expensive, but it should be clean and pressed. Polishing shoes so they shine brilliantly is not necessary, but do give them a quick wipe if they need it. Attire can include clothing that is business casual, such as a clean, pressed outfit- a less formal version of classic business attire. If an applicant feels comfortable wearing a suit, then that would be a good choice. If the applicant feels a suit would be uncomfortable, then a pair of pants, a nice shirt, a skirt, or a dress is suitable as well. What Not to Wear Do not wear anything that might be considered offensive or controversial. This includes political slogans or pictures. Use perfume or cologne sparingly. Some people have allergies and sensitivities to scents. Since waiting rooms have a tendency to get cramped at times, competing scents may overwhelm the room and bother an interviewer. Other suggestions of what not to wear include gym clothes, such as sweatpants, tank tops, or shorts. Use your own discretion with makeup and hairstyles; choosing a look that is not too distracting for the interviewer would be best. Attire for the Naturalization Ceremony Taking the oath to become a U.S. citizen is an important ceremony. People will be bringing guests, and some ceremonies may have famous people, such as dignitaries or other newsmakers, in attendance, so at least business casual is recommended. Expect that lots of pictures will be taken, too. According to the USCIS Guide to Naturalization web page for the naturalization ceremony, The naturalization ceremony is a solemn and meaningful event. USCIS asks that you dress in proper attire to respect the dignity of this event.

In search of excellence- Advanced Organizational Behaviour Essay

In search of excellence- Advanced Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example The book came up as a result of a research activity that they had undertaken on various companies with a different aim in mind. As consultants at McKinsey, they were tasked with the role of collecting information concerned with organization – structure and people (Peters & Waterman, 2006). So with no particular theory in mind, Peters visited several companies and interviewed them as relates to organizational structure. He was later on asked to present the results of his study to several organizations whose need for a simple summary of information led to his development of eight themes that enabled success in an organization (Peters & Waterman, 2006). Peters discovered that there was much more that was required to ensure the success of an organization rather than the policy statements and the strategies that they implemented to increase market share. At the time when he was carrying out the research, most companies had their policies written down well on paper with a well-developed organizational structure that defined the roles and responsibilities of each member (Peters & Waterman, 2006), a scenario that was sure to define their success. However, not every organization actually implemented these plans creating a situation of ineffective management. In order to collect information, they approached top executives who were well known for their skills and experience in organizational design. Business schools within the United States and Europe were also visited to elicit their views on the aspect. Peters also sought to look into the theories of management that were in place at the time to guide organizations. An interesting aspect of leadership emerged with a leaders role being confined to management of the social forces within an organization. Good managers were meant to shape the organization and guide it in the establishment of a good value system. The book has criticized some methods of management as the